Comox Valley Nature

From an email by Jocie to the Botany Group on January 29.

An article from the Guardian, here, tells how gorse and broom could potentially be used as a source of protein. Maybe we should be using more invasives as a food source! Thanks to Mandy for sending this. [But note the caution about toxicity below the photos.]

These invasive shrubs (I’m sure you are all well familiar with them) are both in the pea family. Here are a few photos of local examples [click a photo to enlarge it].

1. Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius): leaf and seed pod detail (from Piercy Rd. wasteland near the inland highway).

2. Gorse (Ulex europaeus): in bloom last December at Woodhus Slough.

Notes on the toxicity of these plants from a follow-up email by Jocie:

Please don’t go out and eat these plants, as they can be toxic to humans and livestock! The article mentioned “isolating the protein to make it safe for consumption” which must involve removing the toxic alkaloids.

Gary S. sent me an email which raises some good points about this:

“I was surprised that the article does not deal with the known toxicity of Scotch broom to humans and livestock. There is a documented history of poisoning in British Columbia beginning with the use of broom for brewing tea by Chinese labourers building the railroad.”

From an email by Jocie to the Botany Group on January 22.

Here are a few more trees from the subalpine (photos from the Jutland nordic ski trail).

One of my favourite trees is the amabilis fir (Abies amabilis). The silvery bark, dark green needles, and spicy fragrance are emblematic of the mountain wilderness. They evoke the deep forests of the past that covered much of Vancouver Island just a few centuries ago.

Amabilis usually has somewhat flattened needles, a bit like a grand fir, but it has a double row of needles along the center. Like all “true firs,” amabilis has smooth bark (when young) and bumpy resin blisters.

Another common tree of the subalpine in our area is the yellow cedar, Callitropsis nootkatensis (formerly: Cupressus nootkatensis). The seed cones look like little round berries, and are light green when young and chestnut brown when mature. Tiny male pollen cones dot the tips of the branches.

Branches of yellow cedar tend to hang straight down like a curtain, unlike the fanning branches of red cedar. Yellow cedar is also found at sea level and becomes more common along the coast as one heads north.

Have a closer look at these wonderful trees the next time you are up the mountain! [Click a photo to enlarge it.]

1. Amabilis fir needles: note the double row along the centre, and the notched needle tips.

2. Close-up of the smooth bark and bumpy resin blisters of amabilis fir.

3. Yellow cedar: new green “berry-like” seed cones.

4. Mature yellow cedar seed cones.

5. Tiny male pollen cones dot the tips of yellow cedar branches.

6. Yellow cedar branches hang straight down like a curtain.

From an email by Jocie to the Botany Group on January 17.

I was up the mountain on Saturday, x-country skiing on the upper west-Jutland loop. The conditions weren’t great…it had rained heavily up there a week or so ago. Most of the nordic skiers seem driven to get from A to B as fast as possible. I like to putter along and look at things, take pictures, ponder ancient trees etc. Those hurried skiers don’t know what they are missing!

Anyway, here are a few highlights. [Click a photo to enlarge it.]

1. Snow pitted with rain.

2. Frosted subalpine fir: note the upswept bushy needles.

3. Frosted white pine needles.

4. Mountain hemlock with garlands of hair lichen (Alectoria, Bryoria, etc).

5. Wolf lichen – I think, (Letharia vulpina): the bright yellow patch on the right of the snag.

6. Ancient yellow cedar snag detail.

7. View of Albert Edward & Divers/Rossiter lakes.

8. View of Alexandra Peak (the “thumbs up” mountain): Sadly, this range of mountains is not in Strathcona Park.

Notes and photos by Alison M. distributed to the Botany Group on November 7.

After the extremely hot dry summer, many of our favourite fungi have been noteworthy by their almost total absence. In Strathcona Provincial Park, both in the Buttle area and up on the Plateau, there have been none of the brightly coloured Cortinarii, nor the Hydnella (e.g. H. peckii – strawberries & cream) and very few amanitas. With the recent heavy rains there are more mushrooms appearing, but for some the optimal period is over for the year, as the temperatures dip and frost and snow start to cover the subalpine.

Here are a few more mega polypores (adding to Jocie’s list in Spectacular polypores) from trails in the Park, as well as a couple of massive bear’s heads. [Click a photo to enlarge it.]

1. Conifer-base polypore (Heterobasidion occidentale – formerly annosum). This huge polypore was at the base of a dead conifer on the steep flanks of Mt Elma. It differs from the red-belted conk (Fomitopsis mounceae) by being much more bumpy on the upper surface, less regular in outline, often lacking the red/orange band and is found only at the base of dead trees. In spite of its former species name, it can be perennial, as the one in the photo.

2. Bondarzew’s polypore (Bondarzewia mesenterica – formerly occidentale) on the Elk River trail. (Compare the specimen in Jocie’s photos #8 and #9 in the Spectacular polypores post.) This one measured almost 15 inches across (handle of hiking pole is about 5 inches). It was aging, and the underside could not be photographed in its entirety. The photo of a broken piece shows how the irregular pores become jagged ( almost tooth-like) with age.

3. Conifer sulfur shelf (Laetiporus conifericola) – another huge aging polypore that has lost its brilliant orange and yellow colour. There were many examples on the Elk River trail of even older specimens which become dull white, and will last over the winter . Broken pieces can be scattered around the original location as a result of critter activity. The second photo shows the bright yellow/orange colour of a younger specimen, from the flanks of Mt. Brooks above Helen Mackenzie Lake.

4. Greening goat’s foot (Albatrellus ellisii). A largish (6-10 inches wide) ugly specimen that looks like a bolete, but has an irregular-shaped cap, cracked surface, very thick stipe, thick flesh and decurrent wide pores. It stains a blue-green colour when broken, as do some of the boletes, but is overall very tough.

5. Bear’s heads (Hericium abietis). This fall we have seen several large specimens 20-30 feet up conifers. Here are two dead conifers just off the Elk River Trail. The fruiting bodies of the fungus would be 12-15 inches in diameter and at that height definitely squirrel food. I include two photos from a downed trunk in the Divers Lake area for a closer view.